Publisher：AFTI & AAFKI  

This paper aims to show the limitations of the liberal viewpoint vis-à-vis overcoming the conflict between freedom of religion and belief in Indonesia. The multi-ethnic and multi-religious condition, a unique feature of Indonesian society, demonstrates that the conventional liberal framework of the concept of freedom of religion and belief is insufficient.

Publisher：南山大学社会倫理研究所  

本稿は、インドネシアにパーム油農産業の開発における合法化され体系化された土地収奪による立退きと強制移動の可能性を検討し、分析する。国の発展と経済成長の観点から、公共のためにより大きな利益をもたらす先住民族の土地と資源の生産的かつ効率的な利用が必要であろう。実際に、パーム油生産業は国の発展と経済成長に貢献してきた。 但し、一方では、「公益」のためだと言われているその油ヤシ農産業の拡大が先住民族の立退きおよび強制移動をももたらしたという事実に、法的および倫理的疑問を提起する。それは、「公益」という名の下で、先住民族の土地と森林を油ヤシ農産業のために利用すること（正確には土地収奪）を認める法的および政策的の枠組みは、どこまで正当で、許容できるのか、そして「公益」の概念だけで充分なのか、という疑問である。本稿は、「公益」という法的概念だけでは実際に不充分であるため、S D Gsの理念となっている「誰一人として取り残されない」という「共通善」の概念を導入する必要があると主張した。

Publisher：Jember University Centre for Human Rights, Multiculturalism and Migration  

This article aims to describe the role of Pancasila as an ideological basis and collective identity for the multicultural society of Indonesia. It argues that in the midst of democratisation and openness to globalisation, Pancasila needs to be re-interpreted and given a place in contemporary political discourse. This means that Pancasila should be read in the light of the contemporary political discourse between communitarianism and liberalism. Such a dialogue is fundamental to coping with the dogmatisation of Pancasila, which can result in the loss of its political relevance as a collective identity. Furthermore, liberalism and communitarianism are the two fundamental philosophical pillars beside socialism upon which the concept of human rights is developed. Therefore, combining Pancasila with the two philosophical concepts is very important to strengthen the role of Pancasila in promoting the idea and practices of human rights politics in Indonesia.

Publisher：Penerbit Ledalero  

This article aims at framing a theological understanding about business in the context of the impacts of corporate conducts on human rights. Using “creation, fall and redemption” approach as basis for biblical worldview to understand issues related to business and its social impacts, this article highlights the necessity of internal factors as foundational values that can bring about a true commitment to do business not only based on legal and moral norms as a mere socio-political consensus, but also as an expression of a socio-spiritual obedience to and faith in God. Because, more than just accumulating commercial benefits, business has mission to realize God’s work for human salvation in this world through the production and distribution of goods and services that respect human rights.

Publisher：上智大学生命倫理研究所  

本稿は、インドネシアのパーム油生産業を事例として用い、事業利益、経済成長、持続可能なパーム油生産業のバランスが取れる実用的なアプローチの可能性を検討し分析する。特に、 パーム油生産業の主要なアクターとなる企業とその投資家は、実用的なアプローチを実現するに当たって、どのようにそれそれの役割を有効的に果たすべきか、を検討する。結論として、経済的利益と持続可能なパーム油産業のバランスを保つために、パーム油産業に関与する企業とそのカウンターパートは、環境・人権のデューデリジェンスを実施するための社会的および法的責任を遵守する必要があると主張する。

Publisher：Human Rights and Business Centre of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora  

This paper aims to explore recent regulatory and policy development that tries to implement a balanced business and human rights responsibility in investment regime. It shows that at least from recent cases of legal development through State duty to regulate in investment treaties and duty to adjudicate in matters related to dispute settlement, there is an initial and limited, but significant trend of legal development toward such a balanced approach for business and human rights in investment law regime.

Publisher：南山大学社会倫理研究所  

本稿では、補完性とレジリエンス及び持続可能性の関係を、インドネシアの村落基金政策を用いながら、分析してみる。持続可能性をシステムの最終的目標とし、レジリエンスは持続可能のコンポーネントとする設定で、その関係を明確にしてみる。まず、ジョコウィ政権による村落基金政策は、理論的実践的に補完性の原理の適用の完璧な事例だと言える。経済的な側面に焦点当てると、補完性の原理に基づく村落基金の使途のシステムは、村落コミュニティにとって、貧困の状況から生じたあらゆる異常状態を乗り越えるためのレジリエンスを築かせる大切な条件と環境になった。結果として、貧困率が下がり、多くの未開発の村落が自立した村落になり、継続的にその状況を保つことによって、経済的な持続可能性を生み出す経済的なウェルビーイングを作り上げることが出来ると考えられる。

Publisher：Oriens Institute for Religous Research  

This article examines the philosophical, moral and theological understanding of capital punishment in its relation to the notion of human dignity, justice and forgiveness. It argues that the principle of human dignity - which implies the moral imperative to do justice and to observe forgiveness - will encourage a more humane form of punishment or even a complete negation of retributive punishment in the form of death penalty. This then will help to create a transformative justice in which basic human rights are restored in our society

Publisher：南山大学社会倫理研究所  

2011 年に国連人 権理事会において採択された「ビジネスと人権に関する指導原則」(国連指導原則)では、人権デュー・ディリジェンス(DD)が、人権を尊重する事業活動の中心原則として位置づけられている。人権法において 通常、人権 DD は人権を保護する国家の義務と結び付けて考えるが、「国連指導原則」 は人権 DD を企業による人権を尊重する責任としても理解する。企業が人権を尊重する責任を 果たすために、どのようにこの国家及び企業による人権 DD の意味と関係を理解すべきかを説 明する必要がある。更に、人権 DD と違って、ビジネスDD は企業の利益を脅迫するリスク、つまり、企業買収の時、相手の企業価値や潜在リスクを 事業・財務・法令・契約・人事などの観点から調査をし、評価する作業として理解され、契約や法令上は何の関係もない外部的な第三者である人権被害者の利 得を対象とする人権リスクに関して、そのビジネスリスクには含まれていない。人権 DD において、人権リスクをビジネスリスクとして取り扱うとすれば、理論的に は通常の企業 DD を超える新たな理解が必要になり、実践的には人権リスクを含む人権 DD を 取り込むことが不可欠であろう。そこで問われるのは、もし人権リスクが実際にビジネスリス クにもなり得るとしたら、それはどういうことか、である。それ以外に、構想的内容的に人権 DD は既存の人権影響評価と似ているところが多くあるため、その必要性が疑われるかもしれ ない。そうすると、その人権 DD は既存の人権影響評価と結び付けて考える時にどのように理 解すべきか。その理解の仕方は、正確な人権 DD を実現するためにどんな影響をもたらすのか。 本稿ではそれらの問いに解答し、明確にしてみる。

Publisher：Oriense Institute for Religious Research  

While neoliberal economic mentality cherishes the assumption that the main purpose of business is profit maximisation, the various social problems that have resulted from this narrow pursuit of economic interests make imperative a fundamental rethinking that will step beyond the commercial to the socio-spiritual: the realisation of human dignity. Economic profit maximisation that does not lead to the realization of this fundamental end does not only create new problems of humanity. It also undermines the most fundamental value of the human person for whom all business enterprises and activities exist. To avoid this, commitment to respecting the dignity of every human person and to serving the common good should become the precondition for every business activities. In practice, this commitment should be manifested through a fair distribution of opportunities and resources (solidarity) and intensive empowerment of different stakeholders within the structure of a business operation (subsidiarity).

Publisher：Human Rights and Business Centre of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora  

This paper explores the appropriate and viable standards of actus reus and mens rea to hold corporations liable for complicity in human rights abuses and to clarify the implications of these standards in the context of the UN ‘Protect-respect-remedy’ Framework and Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. As the appropriate standards remains in contention, this paper argues that the “substantial effect” and “knowledge” standards constitute the most appropriate and viable standards of the actus reus and mens rea for corporate complicity liability in human rights abuses. Furthermore, these standards are apt to the Framework and Guiding Principles, which require corporations to exercise due diligence to avoid and address complicity issues through concrete acts of “knowing and showing”.

Publisher：Ramkrishna Publisers  

This article examines legal implications of the corporate human rights due diligence (HRDD) obligation under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and its potential of becoming a binding obligation through criminal-law-based model of liability. It argues that the HRDD obligation as a binding duty of care may be established based on criminal negligence under the corporate culture liability model. Such binding duty of care may emerge when criminal law and human rights law intersect in criminal court proceeding in the domestic legal domain. This may be realised when HRDD is implemented by corporations and such HRDD exercise is adopted by court to establish the mens rea (knowledge - intent) of corporate culture model of liability.

Publisher：Gupta Publications  

This article reexamines the ‘sovereignty’ argument used by many countries in support of their objection to ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. Using a case study about the vulnerability of ‘trainees’ in Japan under its domestic labor policy, the Technical Intern training Programme, this article argues that the ‘sovereignty’ argument is no longer tenable, not only because policies and practices towards migrant workers have often contradicted the protection of rights guaranteed under the ICRMW, but also because the ‘sovereignty’ argument is nothing more than an excuse and a shield for human rights unfriendly domestic political economy.

Publisher：Oriens Institute for Religous Research  

This article analyses critically how the law of blasphemy in Indonesia has been used for political ends and explores the impact of such an abusive practices on the the realisation of civil and political rights individuals and on the prospects of dialog, tolerance and peaceful coexistence among religious groups in Indonesia.

Publisher：Oriens Institute for Religous Research  

This article reflects how Oscar Romero unites the spiritual and secular aspect of Christian life and mission. Romero shows that a personal relationship with God must lead to concrete connection with the people in their day-to-day struggle.

Publisher：SOAS, University of London  

Since mob violence and mass rape of hundreds of ethnic Chinese women in Jakarta in 1998, no legal action has been taken to hold the perpetrators to account and to provide justice to the victims. What has happened so far is that despite the evidence of the tragedy having been documented and publicized by reliable sources, the government, military and police, as well as some religious groups that were accused of being responsible for the atrocities have strongly denied the occurrence of the mass rape. Members of the Indonesian parliament and Supreme Court have even suggested that the tragedy, including mass rape of ethnic Chinese, should be considered as ordinary crimes. In contrast to this suggestion, this paper argues that the Jakarta mass rape tragedy was not only a crime against humanity, but also a crime of genocide, as a particular group of Chinese descent women were intentionally targeted with intent to destroy them because of their ethnicity, race and religion.

Total pages：344 p (pp. 47-53)  

This paper aims at providing a theoretical framework of the significance of (1) virtual teaching and learning activities through information and communication technology (ICT) to achieve the full realization of right to education in the Indonesia – Timor Leste border and (2) the role of State-owned enterprises (SOEs) for investing in infrastructure for virtual teaching and learning to achieve the equal quality education (SDGs4). It argues that effectiveness of its method and substance that will lead to a meaningful realization of SDG4 will be very much dependent on: 1) the State’s and SOEs’ knowledge about the connection between human rights and SDGs; 2) clear educational objectives, conducive pedagogical environment, dynamic learning and teaching processes and responsive educational governance suitable for digitally mediated education system; and 3) the capability of SOEs to use SDG4 as an overarching framework to shape, steer, communicate and report their strategies, goals and activities when they invest in digitally mediated education system.

Total pages：Chapter 4 pp 59-86 (27 p.)  

The chapter examines the possibility of the institutionalization of a binding corporate obligation for human rights due diligence under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights at the intersection between human rights law and tort law in the domestic legal domain. It argues that by implementing human rights due diligence, it is assumed that a corporation has a degree of involvement, knowledge and proximity relating to the conduct of its subsidiaries or business partners. These may constitute the so-called “specific circumstances” that enable the court to establish negligence (tort) liability against corporations for the violation of a duty of care in human rights cases.

Publisher：南山大学社会倫理研究所  

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

As the national human rights commission revealed that business entities ranked two after the police officers (ranked one) as the worst human abuses in the country, the article call both the Indonesia government and firms operating in the country to adopt the UN Guideline Principles on Business and Human Rights in order to avoid similar human rights abuses by corporate entities in the future.

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

The article argues that the decision of the Indonesia government to spent tax incentives in order to attract foreign direct investment, in particular natural resources seeking companies, where Indonesia is advantageous in natural resources is a waste of public money

Publishing type：Book review, literature introduction, etc.   Publisher：Global Future Institute  

Publisher：Tribun News Corp  

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

Any unilateral and unfair decision to wage war agains any particular country in the world must be made through the UN Security Council. Otherwise people power from around the world must opposed such decision

Publisher：Berita Satu Media Holding  

Publisher：Berita Satu Media Holding  

Publisher：Media Indonesia Group  

The article calls for a balance approach from the perspective of justice in dealing with territorial conflict in Aceh (North Indonesia)

Publisher：Kompas Gramedia  

The article calls out the irony and paradox of the government's unilateral decision to use military action in response to the territorial conflict in Aceh. Since that conflict arose as result of injustice created by the government itself in the past, the government should instead solve the problem by realising justice for the local people rather than creating new problems of war by using military action there.

Publisher：Berita Satu Media Holding  

The article underlines the fact that the death of ordinary civilians in an unnecessary and preventable war in Iraq is failure of humanity

The presentation is based on the results of a survey that aims (1) to find out the psychological state of college students due to the Japanese government policy on Covid-19 and (2) to identify the trend of infection condition in Japan during the above period as a result of the changes in government policy on Covid-19.

飢餓は食料に対する普遍的な権利（食への人権）の無視から生じたため、SDG2への人権に基づくアプローチが不可欠である。

The presentation provides a theoretical framework of the significance of (1) virtual teaching and learning activities through information and communication technology (ICT) to achieve the full realization of right to education in the Indonesia – Timor Leste border and (2) the role of State-owned enterprises (SOEs) engaging in ICT for investing in infrastructure for virtual teaching and learning to achieve equal quality education (SDGs4) for all.

1. Academic background on the relationship between Green Growth, Responsible Business and the Neoliberal political economy
2.Reflection on Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in Indonesia: Obstacles, Strengths, and Opportunities for Ways Forward
2. Exploring Strategies to Improve Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Green Growth in Indonesia

This last decade there has been a shift in investment agreements, which traditionally focused on unilateral protection of investors/MNEs), but now increasingly turning toward a more balanced approach to include corporate social responsibility. This has been significantly intensified since the adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights in 2011. As a matter of legal approach, not simply a voluntary one, how and to what extent do the trend to toward this balanced approach take into account this Guiding Principles and other CSR standards into legal framework developed by States through their duty to regulate and adjudicate in investment law regime? This report provides the answer for this question.

国内外の市場からパーム油に関する需要の増加に伴い、インドネシアのような生産国によるパーム油生産量の最大化とそれを生産するための油ヤシ農園の拡大化必要になる。もちろん、それは生産国にとってより大きな経済利益をもたらすチャンスとなり、生産活動に関わる企業にとってもそれは有益なビジネスチャンスとなる。ここで問われるのは、それが社会的、経済的、文化的、環境的に持続可能なビジネスなのか、社会的・経済的・文化的環境的な人権を尊重し保護する産業なのか、持続可能な開発目標（SDGs)を達成出来るビジネス活動なのか、といことである。

死刑をめぐる論争は、法的枠組みにおける生命権の曖昧な概念化から生じている。人権法における生命権は道徳的および法的原則として見なされているが、それは人間の生命に関する確固たる普遍的な哲学的基盤に基づいていない。したがって、人間の生命の哲学的基盤に関する普遍的な総意（コンセンサス）がなかったため、道徳的法的原則としての生命権と、さまざまな状況での法的慣行や政策に適用されている生命権に関して矛盾がある。

In the absence of legal framework to hold multinational corporations liable for human rights abuses abroad, the due diligence principles under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Rights can be utilised to do so if in fact the corporations incorporate human rights due diligence in their business policy and the courts at the national level use it to establish corporate duty of care toward the victims.