The present research used archaeological data, i.e., the data obtained from kamekan jar burials in the Mikuni Hills of the northern Kyushu area in the Mid- dle Yayoi period, to test the parochial altruism model. This model argued that out-group hate and in-group favor coevolved via prehistoric intergroup conflicts. If this model is accurate, such an out-group hate and in-group favor could be re- flected in the archaeological remains, such as pottery making; the more frequent intergroup conflicts are and the more each group is opposed, the more independent and coherent each group will be and more evident cultural identity could be estab- lished within each group. We employed an elliptic Fourier analysis for the shapes of kamekan jar burials. We examined whether frequent intergroup conflicts in the period influenced kamekan jar pottery between subareas of the Mikuni Hills. The results suggested that the shapes of kamekan jar burials after the KIIIa type are slightly different between subareas, which is partially consistent with the model. However, the results do not support the model directly.

本稿では、朝日遺跡のIII11A13区出土人骨の再整理の結果および所見について報告するとともに、古人骨の下顎骨の幾何学的形態測定の分析結果を示す。再整理・検討の結果、次の3 点がわかった。まず、本例は弥生時代前期から中期に帰属し、仰臥屈葬の状態で埋葬された事例である。埋葬後に軟部組織が融解する過程で膝部分が崩れ、出土時の状態に至ったと考えられる。次に、上顎左右の犬歯および下顎の左右第一小臼歯が抜去された可能性があり、この抜去歯種の組み合わせの類例として土井ヶ浜遺跡の事例を挙げた。最後に、周辺地域の下顎骨の3D データをもとにランドマークおよび主成分分析を行い、本事例の形態を分析した。この結果、比較的近隣地域の弥生人骨に近いことがわかった。

SfM/MVS photogrammetry has received increasing attention due to its convenience, broadening the range of its applications into archaeology and anthropology. Because the accuracy of SfM/MVS depends on photography, one important issue is that incorrect or low-density point clouds are found in 3D models due to missing photographic images. A systematic way of taking photographs solve these problems, though it has not been well established and the accuracy has not been examined either, with some exceptions. The present study aims to (i) develop an efficient method for recording pottery using an automated turntable and (ii) assess its accuracy through a comparison with 3D models made by laser scanning. We recorded relatively simple pottery manufactured by prehistoric farmers in the Japanese archipelago using SfM/MVS photogrammetry and laser scanning. Further, by measuring the Hausdorff distance between 3D models made using these two methods, we show that their difference is negligibly small, suggesting that our method is sufficiently accurate to record pottery.

出版者・発行元：古代吉備研究会  

The present study examines human skeletal remains from the late Yayoi period to the late Kofun period of Okayama, Hyogo, and Hiroshima Prefectures using geometric morphometrics. We put landmarks on the surface of 3D models of the human skeletal remains and calculate and analyze their spatial configurations. The results suggest weak but different tendencies by period and area. In particular, the faces are flatter and occipital regions further back in human skeletal remains of the early-middle Kofun period than the middle- late Kofun period in Okayama Prefecture. Further examinations of the sizes and shapes of the Kofuns where human skeletal remains are found are needed for archaeological interpretations of the above anthropological results.

出版者・発行元：心理学評論刊行会  

The evolution of altruism in human societies has been intensively investigated both in social and natural sciences. A widely acknowledged recent idea is “parochial altruism model”, suggesting that intergroup hostility and intragroup altruism can coevolve through lethal intergroup conflicts. The current article critically examines this idea by reviewing research relevant to intergroup conflicts in human evolutionary history from evolutionary biology, psychology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology. After brief introduction, section 2 illustrates the mathematical model of parochial altruism and some critiques to the model and its interpretation mainly from evolutionary biology. Section 3 delves the archaeological evidence of prehistoric intergroup conflicts in the Japanese archipelago’s Jomon and Yayoi periods, Europe’s Mesolithic period, and North America’s Pacific period as counter examples of the parochial altruism model. In section 4, the ethnographies of intergroup relationships and conflicts show that intergroup relationships in many ethnic groups are not as simple as the assumption in the mathematical model of parochial altruism. In section 5, we outline psychological research on intergroup conflicts suggesting that intergroup hostility and ingroup altruism are not necessarily correlated. In conclusion, we argue that the assumption and parameter settings of the parochial altruism model are inconsistent with empirical data.

出版者・発行元：Nanzan University  

3D techniques are becoming increasingly relevant in archaeology and anthropology. As there are several methods for constructing 3D models and there is no assurance that the 3D models produced by each method will have the same qualities, it is necessary to compare the 3D models and examine their qualities. The present study compared 3D models produced by two types of laser scanners, that is, Einscan Pro HD and Creaform HandySCAN BLACK™ | Elite, and concluded that the models are not significantly different and reliable.

出版者・発行元：奈良文化財研究所  

This article quantifies the morphological variations of the Ongagawa pottery of the Early Yayoi period of the Japanese archipelago to clarify its spatiotemporal similarities and differences. We focus on and quantify items of pottery from the birthplace of Ongagawa pottery, i.e., the Itazuke and Sasai sites, and from the Tamura, Ayaragi-go, and Yano sites by elliptic fourier analysis and spherical harmonics. The results are mostly consistent with the conventional view on the diffusion of Ongagawa pottery. Although quantitative analysis by the spherical harmonics of three-dimensional data could reveal more detailed morphological variations than elliptic fourier analysis of two-dimensional data, the results of the two different quantitative methods are similar to some degree. Both methods should be used properly bearing in mind the pros and cons of each.

出版者・発行元：奈良文化財研究所  

3D measurement using SfM/MVS (Structure from Motion/Multiview Stereo) and laser scanners has become increasingly popular in archaeology. Especially, the quality (i.e., precision and/or accuracy) of 3D models by SfM sometimes varies depending on target objects, measurers, and equipment, and so quality control is one of the important problems for SfM measurement. The aim of the present article is to compare different models acquired by two different methods, i.e., SfM and laser scanners using human skulls from the Odake shell midden and Kuma-nishioda site and examine the quality of 3D models by SfM under certain conditions. We conclude that, although not significantly different, there are advantages and disadvantages with both kinds of 3D models.

3-dimensional data have recently attracted many archaeologists’ attention because of their various kinds of merits. The present study compared 3-dimensional data and traditional 2-dimensional data, especially measured drawings, and examined their merits and demerits. We obtained 3-dimensional data of Ongagawa pottery, which has relatively uniform and simple forms used in the early Yayoi period, with a laser scanner (Creafrom HandySCAN BLACK™ | Elite) and mathematically analyzed the 3-dimensional and 2-dimensinal data of Ongagawa pottery by spherical harmonics and Elliptic Fourier Analysis. The results suggest that we could capture more detailed geographical and durational difference in pottery by spherical harmonics though both results by two different methods are not significantly different. Given the costs and efforts of 3-dimensional data acquisition and analysis, we could conclude that 2-dimensinal data are still useful and important to some degree.

出版者・発行元：青土社  

出版者・発行元：Elsevier  

The causes of prehistoric inter-group violence have been a subject of long-standing debate in archaeology, anthropology, and other disciplines. Although population pressure has been considered as a major factor, due to the lack of available prehistoric data, few studies have directly examined its effect so far. In the present study, we used data on skeletal remains from the middle Yayoi period of the Japanese archipelago, where archaeologists argued that an increase of inter-group violence in this period could be explained by a population-pressure hypothesis. We quantitatively examine the effect of population pressure on the frequency of inter-group violence by compiling an exhaustive data set. We collected demographic information based on burial jars (kamekan) and the frequency of violence based on the ratio of injured individuals. The results are consistent with the hypothesis, i.e., high population density can promote inter-group violence.

出版者・発行元：日本旧石器学会  

The present article examines the theoretical foundations of Japanese archaeology epistemologically. The section 2 epistemologically examines excavation reports as one of the foundational works in Japanese archaeology, i.e., what excavation reports are and should be. It is argued that with a lack of epistemological justification of excavation reports, their epistemological status is highly puzzling. The section 3 also epistemologically and methodologically examines types or typology as one of the foundational methods in Japanese archaeology and it is claimed that definition of each type is ambiguous and not systematic. Taken together, as a conclusion, since some of the theoretical foundations in Japanese archaeology are epistemologically problematic, it might lead us to conclude that Japanese archaeology itself is epistemologically questionable.

It has been commonly claimed that prehistoric warfare in Japan began in the Yayoi period. Population increases due to the introduction of agriculture from the Korean Peninsula to Japan resulted in the lack of land for cultivation and resources for the population, eventually triggering competition over land. This hypothesis has been supported by the demographic data inferred from historical changes in Kamekan, a burial system used especially in the Kyushu area in the Yayoi period. The present study aims to examine the previous claim by using an expanded dataset of human skeletal remains and Kamekan. First, in order to quantify the intensity of warfare, we developed a database of injured individuals found in the middle phase of the Yayoi period in two large populations in the northern Kyushu area, the Fukuoka plain and the upper- and middle-stream of the Homan River. Second, we collected Kamekan data from site reports published after 1990 and constructed a comprehensive database to infer the demography in these areas. Finally, we compared the frequency of injured individuals and the inferred demography. The results suggest that the frequency of injured individuals and the population increase tended to be higher at the upper- and middle-stream of the Homan River than on the Fukuoka plain. Different assumptions of the lifetime of each type of Kamekan can produce mixed results on the relationship between demography and the frequency of injured individuals. They were positively correlated under the traditional assumption of constant time intervals, while there was no correlation using time intervals based on carbon dating by the National Museum of Japanese History. Thus, our results are partially consistent with the previous claim that the population increase and the lack of land and resources due to the introduction of agriculture were causes of warfare in the northern Kyushu area in the middle phase of the Yayoi period.

出版者・発行元：The Japanese Archaeological Association  

This study examines the relationship between Japanese archaeology and natural science through a quantitative analysis of the two most authoritative archaeological journals and two other relevant journals in Japan. First, although previous studies have emphasized the impact of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Tokyo on the scientific aspects of Japanese archaeology, results of the present study suggest that its impact has been more limited than previously assumed. Second, while previous studies claimed that research funding by the Japanese government from the latter half of the 1970s was an important factor in developing the scientific aspects of Japanese archaeology, the present study shows a result inconsistent with the claim. Finally, although I admit that the previous studies have properly captured some aspects of the relationship between Japanese archaeology and science, I conclude that we should look at the broader array of contributors to the relationship between Japanese archaeology and natural science.

Violence and warfare in prehistory have been intensely discussed in various disciplines recently. Especially, some controversies are found on whether prehistoric hunter-gatherers had already been engaged in inter-group violence and warfare. Japanese archaeology has traditionally argued that warfare began in the Yayoi period with the introduction of full-fledged. agriculture, though people in the Jomon period. when the subsistence system had been mainly hunting and gathering, had not been involved in inter-group violence and warfare. However, Lawrence Keeley, Samuel Bowles, Steven Pinker, and others have recently focused on archaeological data of human skeletal remains, especially remains with some injures, arguing that prehistoric hunter-gatherers had already initiated inter-group violence and warfare. This paper aims to summarize and examine recent arguments that address the relationship between violence or warfare and human evolution based on archaeological data. In the first place, we summarize the claims of Keeley, Bowles, and Pinker that warfare had already been initiated and was commonplace among prehistoric hunter-gatherers, as well as the counter-argument of Ferguson that these original data are problematic. Secondly, we collect the available data on human skeletal remains from the Mesolithic period in Europe (between 11000BC and 3.500 BC) and argue that these data support Ferguson's argument. In particular, the available data suggests that even though inter-group violence and warfare were present during this period. they were very sporadic. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study and suggest future directions.

The origins and consequences of warfare or largescale intergroup violence have been subject of long debate. Based on exhaustive surveys of skeletal remains for prehistor ic hunter-gatherers and agriculturists in Japan, the present study examines levels of inferred violence and their implications for two different evolutionary models, i.e., parochial altruism model and subsistence model. The former assumes that frequent warfare played an important role in the evolution of altruism and the latter sees warfare as promoted by social changes induced by agriculture. Our results are inconsistent with the parochial altruism model but consistent with the subsistence model, although the mortality values attributable to violence between hunter-gatherers and agriculturists were comparable.

出版者・発行元：青土社  

Whether man is predisposed to lethal violence, ranging from homicide to warfare, and how that may have impacted human evolution, are among the most controversial topics of debate on human evolution. Although recent studies on the evolution of warfare have been based on various archaeological and ethnographic data, they have reported mixed results: it is unclear whether or notwarfare among prehistoric hunter–gathererswas common enough to be a component of human nature and a selective pressure for the evolution of human behaviour. This paper reports the mortality attributable to violence, and the spatio-temporal pattern of violence thus shown among ancient hunter–gatherers using skeletal evidence in prehistoric Japan (the Jomon period: 13000 cal BC–800 cal BC). Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common.

During the 20th century, many social and developmental psychologists advocated a “received view of empathy” : empathy does not lead to prosocial behaviors but rather, empathic concern does. The main aim of this paper is to examine this received view mainly by focusing on recent research in psychology, neuroscience, and philosophy of empathy. Specifically, Section 2 examines psychological and neuroscientific research on empathy and argues that the received view can be still maintained. Section 3 considers philosophical arguments mainly made by Michael Slote (2010) and argues that his attempt fails and that it is unlikely that empathy is the basis of morality. Finally, some possible future directions in the study of the relationship between empathy and morality are discussed.

This paper considers methodological problems in animal metacognition studies. After summarizing a variety of experimental designs to study animal metacognition, we review recent literature that were not included in Fujita (2010)’s more comprehensive review. We then examined Carruthers (2008; Carruthers and Rithie 2012)’ skeptic argument against animal metacognition. He argued that no experiments thus far successfully exclude the possibility that animals, as well as human infants, elicit “metacognitive” responses without explicitly and consciously monitoring internal representations. We argued that newly developed experimental paradigms to study explicit memory processes could be a key to reject Caruuthers’ skeptic argument and thus facilitate understanding how we access to the internal representations.

Although there are many historical and philosophical analyses of evolutionary developmental biology (EvoDevo), its development in the 1980s, when many individual or collective attempts to synthesize evolution and development were made, has not been examined in detail. This article focuses on some interdisciplinary studies during the 1980s and argues that they had important characteristics that previous historical and philosophical work has not recognized. First, we clarify how each set of studies from the 1980s integrated the results or approaches from different biological fields, such as paleontology, developmental genetics, comparative morphology, experimental embryology, theoretical developmental biology, and population genetics. Second, after close examination we show that the interdisciplinary studies during the 1980s adopted different and conflicting views of genes, such as developmental-genetic, epigenetic, or population-genetic ones. We conclude that EvoDevo in the 1980s was a motley aggregation of various kinds of local integration. Finally, we discuss the implications of our analysis by comparing these early EvoDevo studies with those of the Modern Synthesis and with the present state of EvoDevo.

出版者・発行元：Springer  

According to the theory of natural pedagogy, humans have a set of cognitive adaptations specialized for transmitting and receiving knowledge through teaching; young children can acquire generalizable knowledge from ostensive signals even in a single interaction, and adults also actively teach young children. In this article, we critically examine the theory and argue that ostensive signals do not always allow children to learn generalizable knowledge more efficiently, and that the empirical evidence provided in favor of the theory of natural pedagogy does not defend the theory as presented, nor does it support a weakened version of the theory.We argue that these problems arise because the theory of natural pedagogy is grounded in a misguided assumption, namely that learning about the world and learning about people are two distinct and independent processes. If, on the other hand, we see the processes as interrelated, then we have a better explanation for the empirical evidence.

出版者・発行元：Springer  

Many researchers have assumed that punishment evolved as a behavior-modification strategy, i.e. that it evolved because of the benefits resulting from the punishees modifying their behavior. In this article, however, we describe two alternative mechanisms for the evolution of punishment: punishment as a loss-cutting strategy (punishers avoid further exploitation by punishees) and punishment as a cost-imposing strategy (punishers impair the violator’s capacity to harm the punisher or its genetic relatives). Through reviewing many examples of punishment in a wide range of taxa, we show that punishment is common among plant and animal species and that the two mechanisms we describe have often been important for the evolution of punishment.

担当ページ：74-80  

「考古学理論との対峙：プロセス考古学とポストプロセス考古学」pp.1-20を担当．

総ページ数：240 p.  

総ページ数：246 p.  

総ページ数：176 p.  

総ページ数：240 p.  

掲載種別：書評論文，書評，文献紹介等  

掲載種別：書評論文，書評，文献紹介等